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发表于 2012-3-31 15:41
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来自： 中国上海
NOx Emission Standards
NOx emission limits are set for diesel engines depending on the engine maximum operating speed (n, rpm), as shown in Table 1 and presented graphically in Figure 1. Tier I and Tier II limits are global, while the Tier III standards apply only in NOx Emission Control Areas.
Table 1. MARPOL Annex VI NOx Emission Limits Tier Date NOx Limit, g/kWh
n < 130 130 ≤ n < 2000 n ≥ 2000
Tier I 2000 17.0 45 · n-0.2 9.8
Tier II 2011 14.4 44 · n-0.23 7.7
Tier III 2016† 3.4 9 · n-0.2 1.96
† In NOx Emission Control Areas (Tier II standards apply outside ECAs).
Figure 1. MARPOL Annex VI NOx Emission Limits
Tier II standards are expected to be met by combustion process optimization. The parameters examined by engine manufacturers include fuel injection timing, pressure, and rate (rate shaping), fuel nozzle flow area, exhaust valve timing, and cylinder compression volume.
Tier III standards are expected to require dedicated NOx emission control technologies such as various forms of water induction into the combustion process (with fuel, scavenging air, or in-cylinder), exhaust gas recirculation, or selective catalytic reduction.
Pre-2000 Engines. Under the 2008 Annex VI amendments, Tier I standards become applicable to existing engines installed on ships built between 1st January 1990 to 31st December 1999, with a displacement ≥ 90 liters per cylinder and rated output ≥ 5000 kW, subject to availability of approved engine upgrade kit.
Testing. Engine emissions are tested on various ISO 8178 cycles (E2, E3 cycles for various types of propulsion engines, D2 for constant speed auxiliary engines, C1 for variable speed and load auxiliary engines).
Addition of not-to-exceed (NTE) testing requirements to the Tier III standards is being debated. NTE limits with a multiplier of 1.5 would be applicable to NOx emissions at any individual load point in the E2/E3 cycle.
Engines are tested using distillate diesel fuels, even though residual fuels are usually used in real life operation.
Further technical details pertaining to NOx emissions, such as emission control methods, are included in the mandatory “NOx Technical Code”, which has been adopted under the cover of “Resolution 2”.
Sulfur Content of Fuel
Annex VI regulations include caps on sulfur content of fuel oil as a measure to control SOx emissions and, indirectly, PM emissions (there are no explicit PM emission limits). Special fuel quality provisions exist for SOx Emission Control Areas (SOx ECA or SECA). The sulfur limits and implementation dates are listed in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure 2.
Table 2. MARPOL Annex VI Fuel Sulfur Limits Date Sulfur Limit in Fuel (% m/m)
SOx ECA Global
2000 1.5% 4.5%
2010.07 1.0%
2012 3.5%
2015 0.1%
2020a 0.5%
a - alternative date is 2025, to be decided by a review in 2018
Figure 2. MARPOL Annex VI Fuel Sulfur Limits
Heavy fuel oil (HFO) is allowed provided it meets the applicable sulfur limit (i.e., there is no mandate to use distillate fuels).
Alternative measures are also allowed (in the SOx ECAs and globally) to reduce sulfur emissions, such as through the use of scrubbers. For example, in lieu of using the 1.5% S fuel in SOx ECAs, ships can fit an exhaust gas cleaning system or use any other technological method to limit SOx emissions to ≤ 6 g/kWh (as SO2).
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